Kelly Couch Essays (312 words) - Characters In Hamlet, Hamlet

Kelly Couch February 5, 1997 Period 1 Character Journal Act 2 Hamlet I have succeeded in tricking the whole royal family into thinking I am 'mad.' Ophilia, Polonius, Gertrude, Claudius, and all the rest of them believe that I am heart-broken and losing my mind. This should play right into my trap. Since I now know of the players that are in town, I can continue my plan that consists of disposing of Claudius. Fooling the royal family was a simple task. They believe that I have become mad because of the forbiddance of Ophilia to see me. I even expressed a will to die, rather then be left without her. All of this I am doing, because I see no other way. I must deceive the king, until I am ready to kill him. I was having doubts of the ghost recently. At first, I figured it to be a legitimate specter. Showing up at a time very shortly after my great father's death and wearing his shining armor. He seemed to speak of wisdom that only my dead king could portray. Now, I wonder if it wasn't a phantom sent from hell to lure me into killing my mother's lover and king. If true, I would never be able to live with myself, for that would be a horrible deed, done wrong. Yet, I cannot just dismiss this apparition, so I will carry out my plan. I have decided, that with the help of the players and a little improvising on my part with the script they will read, to check on Claudius' conscience. They shall perform a play in which the king is slain and shall watch my new king very closely, for if he so much as flinches I can be sure that the ghost has spake the truth. With that confirmation, I shall begin constructing my play to kill him.

Adadada Dentistry Essays

Adadada Dentistry Essays Adadada Dentistry Essay Adadada Dentistry Essay Speciality wise vacancy of Specialist Medical Officer (Deputy Commandant) S/No Field of Speciality BSF CRPF SSB ITBP Assam Total Rifles 1 Medicine 07 19 03 03 01 33 2 Surgery 10 19 03 01 01 34 3 Gynae Obs 07 14 03 01 01 26 4 Anesthetist 09 17 03 01 -30 5 Radiologist 10 21 03 03 01 38 6 Pathologist 10 12 03 03 01 29 7 03 11 02 16 Opthomology (EYE) 8 Orthopedics 01 01 02 9 Psychiatry 01 00 01 10 Pediatrics -00 00 Total 58 114 20 12 05 209 Contd.. 3.. :3: Category-wise vacancy of Medical Officer (Assistant Commandant) Srl No Name of Force Current Gen Back Log Current SC Back Log Current ST Back Log. Current OBC Back Log Current Total Back Log Grand Total 1 2 3 4 5 BSF CRPF SSB ITBP Assam Rifles 46 56 25 43 11 181 - 09 03 15 02 -03 -15 03 04 -46 02 06 - 45 28 21 55 11 160 -02 02 103 99 49 116 26 393 -04 04 103 103 49 116 26 397 Total Category-wise vacancy of Dental Surgeon (Assistant Commandant) Srl Name of CAPF UR/ SC ST OBC Total No Gen 1 BSF 01 01 2 CRPF 01 (Back Log) -01 Total 01 -01 -02 Note :- Vacancies are subject to change(may increase or decrease). 5. PAY SCALE Specialist Medical Officers (Deputy Commandant) Rs. 15,600 – 39,100/- plus Grade pay Rs. 6,600/- per month plus other benefits like NPA,DA,HRA,TPT Allowance etc as per Central Govt. rules. No Post Graduate allowance will be admissible as the basic essential qualification for the post is Post Graduate degree/diploma in a particular field of specialization. Medical Officers (Assistant Commandant) Rs. 15,600 – 39,100/- plus Grade pay Rs. 5,400/- per month plus other benefits like NPA,DA,HRA,TPT Allowance etc as per Central Govt. rules. Dental Surgeon (Assistant Commandant) Rs. 15,600 – 39,100/- plus Grade pay Rs. 5,400/- per month plus other benefits like NPA,DA,HRA,TPT Allowance etc as per Central Govt. rules. Contd.. 4.. :4: 6. OPTION FROM CANDIDATES A candidate may opt for the post of Medical Officer/ Specialist Medical Officer in any one or more CAPFs mentioned above. For this purpose he/she will be required to indicate clearly the name of CAPFs for which he/she wishes to be considered in the order of preference. While making appointment, due consideration will be given to the preferences exercised by the candidate and having regard to her/his rank in the order of merit. 7. AGE LIMIT (i) (ii) (iii) The age limit for recruitment of Specialist Medical Officer (Deputy Commandant) will not be exceeding 40 years as on 13. 07. 2013. The age limit for recruitment of Medical Officer (Assistant Commandant) will not be exceeding 30 years as on 13. 07. 2013. The age limit for recruitment of Dental Surgeon (Assistant Commandant) will not be exceeding 35 years as on 13. 07. 2013. Relaxation in age limit shall be as under:5 Years a. SC/ST b. OBC 3 years c. Govt. servant – 5 years. d. Upto a maximum of five years in the case of Medical Graduates who joined Army Medical Corps as Short Service Regular Commissioned Officers and are released after completing the initial period of assignment of five years. The age relaxation upto five years shall also be admissible to the SSCOs whose assignment has been extended beyond five years and in whose case the Ministry of Defence has issued a certificate that they will be released on three months notice on selection from the date of receipt of offer of appointment. The relaxation in age limit shall be admissible upto a maximum of ten years if such Govt. Servants and SSCO belong to the Scheduled Caste or the Scheduled Tribe and upto a maximum of eight years if such Officers belong to the Other Backward Classes (OBCs). Contd†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 5 5- 8. QUALIFICATIONS/EXPERIENCE For Specialist Medical Officers (Deputy Commandant) (a) A recognized medical qualification of allopathic system of medicines included in the first or second schedule or Part–II of the third schedule (other than licentiate qualification) to the Indian Medical Council Act, 1956. Holders of educational qualifications included in Part–II of the third schedule should also fulfill the conditions stipulated in Sub Section (3) of Section (13) of the Indian Medical Council Act, 1956. Completion of compulsory rotating internship. Should also possess Post Graduate Degree/Diploma from a recognized University/Institution in the concerned specialty mentioned in Section ‘A’ or in Section ‘B’ in Schedule-I or equivalent and one and half years experience in the concerned speciality after obtaining PG Degree or two and half years experience after obtaining PG Diploma. (b) (c) For Medical Officers (Assistant Commandant) (a) A recognized medical qualification of allopathic system of medicines included in the first or second schedule or Part–II of the third schedule (other than licentiate qualification) to the Indian Medical Council Act, 1956. Holders of educational qualifications included in Part–II of the third schedule should also fulfill the conditions stipulated in Sub Section (3) of Section (13) of the Indian Medical Council Act, 1956. Completion of compulsory rotating internship. Candidates who may not have completed the rotating internship shall be eligible to apply and appear for the interview provided that if selected, they shall have satisfactorily completed the compulsory internship before appointment. (b) For Dental Surgeon(Assistant Commandant) (a) A bachelor Degree in Dental Surgery from a recognized University/Institution included in the schedule to the Dentists Act, 1948 (16 of 1948). (b) Should be registered with Dental Council of India. (c) Candidate should have completed compulsory internship. (d) Candidates should have minimum 60% marks in aggregate in BDS exams. Contd.. 6.. (e) (f) 6-Candidates should have cleared all BDS subjects in first attempt. Post Degree work experience will be given preference. 9. PHYSICAL AND MEDICAL STANDARDS The candidates should conform to the following physical standards :9. 1 Sl No. 1 2 Height Gen/SC/OBC Candidates falling in the categories of Gorkhas, Garhwalis, Kumaonis, Dogras, Marathas and candidates belonging to the States of Sikkim, Nagaland, Arunanchal Pradesh, Manipur, Tripura, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Kashmir and Leh Ladakh regions of JK. ST 77 Cms 82 Cms Unexpanded Expanded Male 157. 5 Cms 155. 5 CMs Female 142 CMs 140 CMs 3 154. 5 CMs 139 CMs Not applicable Proportion ate to height and age. Con†¦. 7.. Chest 1 Weight 1 Proportionate to height and age 7-9. 2 MEDICAL STANDARDS (a) Eye sight Near Vision Better Eye Worse eye (Corrected vision) Distant Vision Better Eye Worse eye (Corrected vision) 6/6 or 6/9 (b) 6/9 6/12 J. I J. II The candidates must not have knock–knee, flat feet or squint in eyes and they should possess high-grade colour vision. The candidates will be tested for colour vision by Ishiahara’s test. They must be in good mental and bodily health and free from any defect likely to interfere with the efficient performance of the duties. (c) Subject to (a) (b) above, the standards of Medical fitness for the candidates would be the same as prescribed by the Government for the Indian Police Service. (d) Candidate will give an undertaking at the time of joining that at any stage of service career, if they are found to be colour blind they will be boarded out as per the SHAPE Policy, in vogue. Candidates should be in good physical and mental state for duties in high altitude and to serve in border areas with extreme climatic conditions. Every candidate on his/her having been selected will be produced before a duly constituted Medical Examination Board for examination of his/her Medical Fitness. The said Medical Board will issue Medical Examination report of the candidate in the prescribed form. The Government of India reserves the right to reject or accept any candidate after considering report of the Medical Examination Board. 10. SELECTION PROCESS (a) FOR MEDICAL OFFICERS AND SPECIALIST MEDICAL OFFICERS (i) The interview will carry 200 marks shall be held to test the general knowledge and ability of the candidate’s in the field of their academic study and also in the nature of personality test to assess the candidate’s intellectual curiosity , balance of judgement and alertness of mind ability of social cohesion integrity of character, iniative and capability for leader ship. The minimum standard for the purpose of selection at the interview shall be 40% of the total marks prescribed for interview. Contd†¦.. 8.. -8(b) FOR DENTAL SURGEON: (a) A total of 200 marks will be awarded to the candidates on the basis of following:(i) Weight age on the percentage of marks secured by the candidate in basic qualification i. e. BDS (50% of total marks) (i. e. if anyone secure 80% marks in basic qualification (i. e.BDS) he will be awarded 80 marks out of 200 marks) Advance qualification (15% of total marks) (30 marks may be awarded for PG degree in dental surgery, 20 marks may be awarded for PG diploma in dental surgery. Experience in relevant field (15% of total marks) [6 marks will be awarded for each year of experience in the relevant field in Govt. Medical College(s) or as a faculty member in Govt Medical College(s) /Govt. recognized private hospital(s). ] 100 (ii) 30 (iii) 30 (iv) Interview (20% of total marks) 40 ________________________________ Total 200 _______________________________ Note: Candidates around equal to ten times of number of existing vacancies in order of merit to be called for interview. (b) The interview which will carry 40 marks shall be held to test the General Knowledge and ability of the candidates in the field of their academic study and also in the nature of personality test to assess the candidates intellectual curiosity, balance of judgement and alertness of mind ablity for social cohesion integrity of character, initiative and capability for leadership. The minimum standard for the purpose of selection at the interview shall be 40% of the total marks (i. e. 40% of 40=16). (g) (c) contd9 9-11 . MERIT LIST The Medical Officers Selection Board will arrange the order of merit on the basis of aggregate marks awarded to each candidate and in the order of combined merit list. The board will compile merit list separately for SC/ST and OBC candidates. 12. MEDICAL EXAMINATION (a) The  General Category candidates who attain the minimum prescribed standard for selection and all the SC/ST and OBC candidates will be required to undergo Medical Examination by the Board of CAPFs’ Medical Officers constituted by Medical Officers Selection Board on a day following the date of interview. (b) Candidate will either be declared â€Å"Fit†or â€Å"Unfit† in the Medical Standard Test and those who will be declared unfit will be allowed to appear before the â€Å"Review Medical Board† on their appeals by Appellate authority. No fee shall be charged from the candidates for Medical examination. 13. CONDITIONS OF SERVICE Candidates shall be required to serve the Force for a minimum period of 10 years. If any officer after joining the service wants to resign from the service before the expiry of 10 years, he/she is required to refund a sum equal to three months pay and allowances or the cost of training imparted to him/her in the Force, whichever is higher. APPLICATION FEES :All General and OBC candidates are required to submit a crossed IPO/Bank Draft/Bankers Cheque of any Nationalised Bank for Rs. 50/in favour of the Accounts Officer, Directorate General, ITBP,New Delhi-03 Payable at New Delhi alongwith application form. SC/ST/Female Candidates and Ex-service man are exempted from paying fees. LAST DATE OF SUBMISSION OF FORMS. Application as per the specimen given below should reach at the following address on or before 13th July 2013. Last date for Candidates from Andaman, Nicobar Island , Lakshadweep, North Eastern Region, Ladakh Division of JK state, Sikkim, Pangi sub Division of Chamba, Lahaul and Spiti District of Himachal Pradesh, is 20th July 2013. THE DEPUTY INSPECTOR GENERAL (PERS) MEMBER SECRETARY MEDICAL OFFICERS SELECTION BOARD (CAPFs)-2013 DIRECTORATE GENERAL,ITBPOLICE,BLOCK-2, CGO COMPLEX,LODHI ROAD, NEW DELHI-110003 contd10 14. 15. 10-Cover containing applications must be superscribed in bold letters as â€Å"APPLICATION FOR THE POST OF SPECIALIST MEDICAL OFFICERS (DEPUTY COMMANDANT),MEDICAL OFFICERS (ASSISTANT COMMANDANT) /DENTAL SURGEON (ASSISTANT COMMANDANT)† in CAPFs–2013. Note :- (a) Candidates already employed in Government Organizations should apply through their Employers. (b) Selected candidates will have to undergo basic training and such other courses as prescribed in the Force from time to time. 16. CHECK LISTS OF ENCLOSURES :Before sending application, the candidates must ensure following :(i) (ii) (iii) Duly completed Signed Application form. Application fees for Rs. 50/- as per para 14, if applicable. Recent passport size attested from a Gazetted Officer colour photograph pasted on the application form at the space provided. A spare passport size photograph should also be attached with the application form. Photo Copy of Matriculation Certificate in support of Date of Birth. (iv) (v) 17. Photo Copy of certificates in support of MBBS/BDS or equivalent qualification and other specialized qualifications, issued by the recognized Universities. (vi) Photo Copy in support of completion/undergoing Internship. (vii) Photo Copy of Registration from Medical Council of State/UT. In the case of Dental Surgeon he/she should be registered with Dental Council of India. (viii) Photo Copy of NOC issued by the employer in case the candidate is a Govt. employee. (ix) Copy of Caste Certificate (SC/ST/OBC) in prescribed proforma to be attached as per Annexure-III IV (x) Copy of NCC Grade Certificate, if applicable. (xi) Two self addressed stamped envelop for Rs. 5/- each of 11. 527. 5 cm. size. GENERAL (a) Applications, which are not on prescribed format or not accompanied by the required enclosures, incomplete, unsigned or defective shall be summarily rejected. No representation or correspondence regarding such rejection shall be entertained under any circumstances. (b) Candidates are not required to submit any original certificate along with their applications except the self certified photocopies. Contd.. 11.. (h) 11-(c) Candidates should ensure that they fulfill all the eligibility conditions. If on verification at any stage, it is found that they do not fulfill any of the eligibility condition, the selection committee shall reject their candidature. (d) Candidate found eligible will be called for interview followed by a detailed medical examination by a medical board constituted by the selection committee. Candidate will only be considered for appointment if the candidate is declared medically fit by the medical board as per the instructions. (e) On behalf of Govt. of India, selection committee reserves its right to reject or accept the candidature of any applicant at any stage. (f) Candidates appointed to the cadre shall be on probation for a period of two years. (g) All disputes differences, if any, will be subject to jurisdiction of Delhi only. (h) No Candidate appointed to the posts shall be permitted to engage in private practice including consultancy and laboratory practice. (j) No Candidate will be granted extension in service beyond the age of superannuation. k) Disqualifications. No person,-(i) Who, has entered into or contracted a marriage with a person having a spouse living, or (ii) Who, having a spouse living, has entered into or contracted a marriage with any person, shall be eligible for appointment to the said cadre : Provided that the Government may, if satisfied that such marriage is permissible under the personal law applicable to such person and the other party to the marriage and that there are other grounds for so doing exempt any person from the operation of this rule. 18. The advertisement is also available on ITBP web site. The format of the application may be downloaded from ITBPF web site www. itb police. nic. in. Sd/(S. S. Hartha) DIG (Pers) MOSB Cell, Dte. Genl. ITB Police. Annexure-I Registration No. _________________ (To be filled by office) APPLICATION FOR THE POST OF SPECIALIST MEDICAL OFFICER (DEPUTY COMMANDANT), MEDICAL OFFICER (ASSISTANT COMMANDANT) DENTAL SURGEON(ASSISTANT COMMANDANT) IN CENTRAL ARMED POLICE FORCES – 2013, MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS GOVERNMENT OF INDIA. (This form should be filled in by the candidate in his own handwriting; should be completed in all respects and should be accompanied by self certified copies of testimonials. A recent passport size photograph should also be pasted on the application at the space provided for the purpose. Incomplete application will not be entertained and will be summarily rejected. No column should be left blank. (To be filled by office) ROLL NO APPLIED FOR THE POST OF _______________________ 1. 2. 3. Full Name (in Capital letters) : ______________________________ Father’s name occupation : ______________________________ (a) Date of birth according to : Christian era (as recorded in the matriculation or equivalent certificate) Day (b) Age as on 13. 07. 2013 Month Paste a recent passport size color photograph attested by Gazetted Officer Year 4. 5. 6. Day Month Sex _______________________________ Spouse Name Profession : _______________________________ (For married female candidate only Permanent address in full _______________________________ (With Contact No.) _______________________________ _______________________________ Postal/Correspondence address in full (With Contact No. ) _________________________________ Year 7. 8. 9. 10. State of Domicile Nationality (State whether by birth or by domicile) Religion _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ ______________________________ Contd†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 -211. Do you belong to GEN/ SC/ST/OBC/Ex-Serviceman : ______________________________ (SC/ST/OBC Candidates to attach certificate as per Annexure-III/IV. Details of examinations passed starting from Matriculation/ School leaving certificate onwards: Name of School/ Examination College with address passed. Division/ Class Percentage of obtained marks obtained 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. Do you have any distinction in athletics or sports ? : _______________________ (If so, give details also enclose certified copy ). Have you been a member of the National Cadet Corps?: _____________________ (If so, give details also enclose certified copy) State, if you are employed (a) Name and address of the employer :________________________ (b) Designation/rank held :________________________ (c) Whether holding permanent/temporary post : _______________________ (d) Whether no objection certificate from the employer attached ? (if not reason thereof. ) :________________________ Past working experience, :________________________ if any (specify) Indicate your option for BSF, CRPF, ITBP, SSB and Assam Rifles in order of preference: 1.  2. 3. 4. 5. DECLARATION I hereby declare that entries made in this form as above are true and correct to the best of my knowledge and belief. In the event of any information being found false or incorrect or ineligibility being detected before or after the interview, my candidature will stand cancelled and all my claims for the recruitment forfeited. I also understand that if at any stage I have violated any of the Rules/Regulation governing the conduct of selection process, my candidature can be cancelled or be declared to have  failed by the selection board at its sole discretion. Station: Date : Signature of the applicant NOTE:- The candidate shall produce the original certificates at the time of document verification /interview. Non-production of certificates shall be a disqualification. If any one who does not fulfill the minimum physical standards, educational and other qualifications chooses to apply, he runs the risk of incurring wasteful expenditure for which the Government of India or the Selection board accepts no responsibility. ANNEXTURE-II MEDICAL OFFICER SELECTION BOARD (CAPFs) – 2013 Admit card for the post of Medical Officer in CAPFs 2013 Paste here recent passport size photograph duly attested by a GO Registration No. __________________ Roll No. _________________________ 1. 2. 3. 4. Name of candidate Father/husband’s name Date of birth Postal Address : : : ________________________________ :_______________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ Telephone Number with code and E-Mail ID 5. 6. Category(Gen/SC/ST/OBC/Ex-serviceman):__________________________ Personal mark of identification :_______________________________ ________________________________ : ___________________________ 7. Applied for the post of Signature of the candidate (To be filled by the office) 8. 9. Centre of examination Date of examination :__________________________________ :__________________________________ ANNEXURE-III FORM OF CERTIFICATE TO BE PRODUCED BY A CANDIDATE BELONGING TO SCHEDULED CASTE OR SCHEDULED TRIBE APPLYING FOR APPOINTMENT TO POSTS UNDER THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA A candidate who claims to belong to one of the Scheduled Caste or the Scheduled Tribes should submit in support of his claim an attested/certified copy of a certificate in the form given below, from the Sub-Divisional Officer or any other officer as indicated below of the District in which his parents (or surviving parent) ordinarily reside who has been designated by the State Government concerned as competent to issue such a certificate. If both his parents are dead, the officer signing the certificate should be of the district in which the candidate himself ordinarily resides otherwise than for the purpose of his own education. Wherever photograph is an integral part of the certificate, the Commission would accept only attested photocopies of such certificates and not any other attested or true copy. The form of the certificate to be produced by Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes candidates applying for appointment to posts under Government of India. This is to certify that Shri/Shrimati/Kumari* _________________ son/daughter of ________________ of village/town* __________________ in District/Division* _______________ of the State/Union Territory* ____________belongs to the Caste/Tribes ___________ which is recognised as a Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes* under :The Constitution (Scheduled Castes) order, 1950 ___________________, the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) order, 1950 ___________, the Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Union Territories order, 1951* _____________the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Union Territories Order, 1951* _____________ (As amended by the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Modification) Order, 1956, the Bombay Reorganization Act, 1960, the Punjab Reorganization Act, 1966, the State of Himachal Pradesh Act, 1970, the North Eastern Areas Reorganization Act, 1971 and the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act, 1976) The Constitution (Jammu Kashmir) Scheduled Castes Order, 1956. The Constitution (Andaman Nicobar Islands) Scheduled Tribes Order, 1959 as amended by the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes order (Amendment Act), 1976*. The Constitution (Dadra and Nagar Haveli) Scheduled Castes Order 1962. The Constitution (Dadra and Nagar Haveli) Scheduled Tribes Order 1962 @. The Constitution (Pondicherry) Scheduled Castes Order 1964 @. The Constitution (Uttar Pradesh) Scheduled Tribes Order 1967 @. The Constitution (Goa, Daman Diu) Scheduled Castes Order 1968 @. The Constitution (Goa, Daman Diu) Scheduled Tribes Order 1968 @. The Constitution (Nagaland) Scheduled Tribes Order 1970 @. Contd†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 -2The Constitution (Sikkim) Scheduled Castes Order 1978 @. The Constitution (Sikkim) Scheduled Tribes Order 1978 @. The Constitution (Jammu Kashmir) Scheduled Tribes Order 1989 @. The Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Orders (Amendment) Act, 1990 @. The Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Orders (Amendment) Ordinance, 1991 @. The Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Orders (Second Amendment) Act, 1991 @. The Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Orders (Amendment) Ordinance, 1996 2. Applicable in the case of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes persons who have migrated from one State/Union Territory Administration. This certificate is issued on the basis of the Scheduled Castes/ Scheduled Tribes certificate issued to Shri/Shrimati _______________________Father/Mother _________________of Shri/ Shrimati/Kumari* ____________________ of village/town* in District/Division* ____________________of the State/Union Territory* ______________ who belongs to the _________________________ Caste/Tribe which is recognised as a Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe in the State/Union Territory* issued by the __________________ dated _________________. 3. Shri/Shrimati/Kumari and /or* his/her family ordinarily reside(s) in village/town* _______________of District/Division*__________________of the State/Union Territory of _____________________________ Signature ______________________________________ ** Designation ____________________________________ (with seal of office) State/Union Territory Place ________________ Date ________________ * Please delete the words which are not applicable @ Please quote specific Presid ential Order Delete the paragraph which is not applicable. NOTE: The term, ordinarily reside (s) used here will have the same meaning as in section 20 of the Representation of the People Act, 1950. Contd†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 -3** List of authorities empowered to issue Caste/Tribe Certificates: (i) District Magistrate/Additional District Magistrate/Collector/Deputy Commissioner/Additional Deputy Commissioner/Dy. Collector/Ist Class Stipendiary Magistrate/Sub-Divisional Magistrate/Extra-Assistant Commissioner/Taluka Magistrate/Executive Magistrate. Chief Presidency Magistrate/Additional Chief Presidency Magistrate/Presidency Magistrate. Revenue Officers not below the rank of Tehsildar. Sub-Divisional Officers of the area where the candidate and/or his family normally resides. (ii) (iii) (iv) NOTE:- ST candidates belonging to Tamil Nadu State should submit caste certificate ONLY FROM THE REVENUE DIVISIONAL OFFICER. ANNEXURE-IV FORM OF CERTIFICATE TO BE PRODUCED BY OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES APPLYING FOR APPOINTMENT TO POSTS UNDER THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA This is to certify that Shri / Smt. / Kum. _____________________________________Son / Daughter of Shri / Smt. ________________________________________________of Village/Town________________________________District/Division________________ __________________in the__________________________________ State belongs to the _______________Community which is recognized as a backward class under:(i) Resolution No. 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dated 10/09/93 published in the Gazette of India Extraordinary Part I Section I No. 186 dated 13/09/93. (ii) Resolution No. 12011/9/94-BCC dated 19/10/94 published in the Gazette of India Extraordinary Part I Section I No. 163 dated 20/10/94. (iii) Resolution No. 12011/7/95-BCC dated 24/05/95 published in the Gazette of India Extraordinary Part I Section I No. 88 dated 25/05/95. (iv) Resolution No. 12011/96/94-BCC dated 9/03/96. (v) Resolution No. 12011/44/96-BCC dated 6/12/96 published in the Gazette of India Extraordinary Part I Section I No. 210 dated 11/12/96. (vi) Resolution No. 12011/13/97-BCC dated 03/12/97. (vii) Resolution No. 12011/99/94-BCC dated 11/12/97. (viii) Resolution No. 12011/68/98-BCC dated 27/10/99. (ix) Resolution No. 12011/88/98-BCC dated 6/12/99 published in the Gazette of India Extraordinary Part I Section I No. 270 dated 06/12/99. (x) Resolution No. 12011/36/99-BCC dated 04/04/2000 published in the Gazette of India Extraordinary Part I Section I No. 71 dated 04/04/2000. (xi) Resolution No. 12011/44/99-BCC dated 21/09/2000 published in the Gazette of India Extraordinary Part I Section I No. 210 dated 21/09/2000. (xii) Resolution No. 12015/9/2000-BCC dated 06/09/2001. (xiii) Resolution No. 12011/1/2001-BCC dated 19/06/2003. (xiv) Resolution No. 12011/4/2002-BCC dated 13/01/2004. (xv) Resolution No. 12011/9/2004-BCC dated 16/01/2006 published in the Gazette of India Extraordinary Part I Section I No. 210 dated 16/01/2006. Shri / Smt. / Kum. ______________________________________________and / or his family ordinarily reside(s) in the __________________________ District / Division of _______________________ State. This is also to certify that he/she does not belong to the persons/sections (Creamy Layer) mentioned in Column 3 of the Schedule to the Government of India, Department of Personnel Training O. M. No. 36012/22/93Estt. (SCT) dated 08/09/93 which is modified vide OM No. 36033/3/2004 Estt. (Res. ) dated 09/03/2004 dated 14/10/2008. Dated: _________________ District Magistrate / Deputy Commissioner / Competent Authority Seal Contd†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 -2- NOTE-I:(a) The term ‘Ordinarily’ used here will have the same meaning as in Section 20 of the Representation of the People Act, 1950. (b) The authorities competent to issue Caste Certificates are indicated below: (i) District Magistrate / Additional Magistrate / Collector / Deputy Commissioner / Additional Deputy Commissioner / Deputy Collector / Ist Class Stipendiary Magistrate / Sub-Divisional magistrate / Taluka Magistrate / Executive Magistrate / Extra Assistant Commissioner (not below the rank of Ist Class Stipendiary Magistrate). (ii) Chief Presidency Magistrate / Additional Chief Presidency Magistrate / Presidency Magistrate. (iii) Revenue Officer not below the rank of Tehsildar’ and (v) Sub-Divisional Officer of the area where the candidate and / or his family resides. NOTE-II:(a) The closing date for receipt of application will be treated as the date of reckoning for OBC status of the candidate and also, for assuming that the candidate does not fall in the creamy layer. (b) Candidates belonging to OBC category, the creamy layer status should have been obtained within three years before the closing date i. e. 13. 07. 2013. The OBC certificate in prescribed format issued after 13. 07. 2013 but before the date of document verification/interview is also accepted as valid proof of belonging to OBC Category. Annexure ‘V’ FORM OF CERTIFICATE TO BE SUBMITTED BY THE CANDIDATES THOSE WHO INTEND TO AVAIL RELAXATION IN HEIGHT OR CHEST MEASUREMENT (Please refer para 9 of the advertisement) Certified that Shri__________________________S/O Shri _____________________ is permanent resident of village______________________ Tehsil/Taluka__________________ District________________________ of _____________________ State. 2. It is further certified that: Residents of entire area mentioned above are Dogra, considered Maratha, as_____________________ (Garhwali, Kumaoni, Sikkimies) for relaxation in height measurement for recruitment in the Para Military Forces of the Union of India. He belongs to the Himachal Pradesh/Jammu Kashmir/North Eastern States which is considered for relaxation in height measurement for recruitment in the Para Military Forces of the Union of India. He belongs to ____________________Tribals/Adivasis community which is considered for relaxation in height and chest measurement for recruitment in para-military forces. Date: _____________________ Signature ___________________ Place _____________________District Magistrate/Sub-Divisional Magistrate/Tehsildar Delete whichever is not applicable. davp 19112/11/0110/1314

Applied Statistics for Finance and Economics Project report Coursework

Applied Statistics for Finance and Economics Project report - Coursework Example Since in this data we are focused on 2002 to 2006 we see that the seasonal and the cyclic component are present. We take a time plot of the returns data of home furnishers to investigate if the data exhibit trend in this case. From the above trend we can see that there is linear trend in the returns of the home furnishers. To eliminate trend to make the returns data stationary, we take the differencing of lag 1 and observe the progress the remains. The time plot of the returns also shows that the return data exhibit trend. Thus from the above analysis of the returns and return squared, the returns can be predicted and has a very high predictive power while the return squared has very low predictive power. Broadly speaking, a time series is said to be stationary if there is no systematic change in the mean (no trend). If there is systematic change in variance and is strictly periodic variations (seasonal and cyclic component) are removed. Most of probability theory of time series analysis is concerned with stationary time series and for this reason time series analysis requires one to change a non-stationary time series to a stationary time series analysis so as to use it. In this study we plot the variables and test their stationary using a particular variation of unit root test- the Augmented Dickey-Fuller test. We then difference the time series of return to make the series stationary. After differencing the return data we can observe that the data is stationary. This can be clearly seen in the time series plot of the differenced data at lag. The plot of differenced data of returns below shows that the data is stationary after differencing it once. The pair trading is a common thing in the trading market. Literature on pair trading, market efficiency and return volatility behavior is plenty for a developed stock market. The study involves pair trading using the

The Original Milgram Experiment 1961 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Original Milgram Experiment 1961 - Essay Example the subjects to any actual risk, except exposing them to a moral pain, which was temporary and in a way necessary to the very nature of the experiment. 3. Though the Burger’s study was conducted 50 years later and was in compliance with the prevalent ethical standards, still he found the obedience rates to be almost identical to what the Milgram found in 1961. This indeed points towards the existence of an essential instinct in the humans to be subservient to the commands of the authority figures, even when those commands tend to be contrary to their moral beliefs. The Burger’s results do open a new area for research in the sphere of human psychology. 4. I personally feel that the researchers also need to focus on the mindset of the subjects who refused to comply with the dictates of the experimenter. The Milgram study makes it essential to understand as to what stops certain people from adhering to the commands of the authority figures, if they are contrary to their moral beliefs. The conclusions drawn in this context could open up immense possibilities in the area of modern

Reflections on World's Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Reflections on World's Leadership - Essay Example Effective leaders are capable of setting and achieving challenging goals along with taking speedy and crucial actions even in complicated circumstances. These activities are undertaken by the leaders to outperform their opposition and also to take designed risks for the purpose of persevering in the state of failure. Effective communication skills, confidence, ability to handle others and willingness to adopt changes also exemplify good leaders. Not all leaders are able to follow these broad aspects while deploying their leadership. However, those who are able to follow are characterized as good leaders but on the other hand those who are not able to comply with the fundamental aspects of leadership can be considered to be bad leaders (Daft, 2008; Fairholm, 2011). Correspondingly, the essay will specifically highlight a good leader i.e. Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum and a bad leader i.e. President Bashar al-Assad in terms of their stance in a societal context. The essay will also pr ovide an in-depth knowledge pertaining to the aspects that highlight both the leaders’ leadership style. In addition, the essay will also reflect upon valuable aspects of both the leaders that put them in good and bad leadership positions. In-depth knowledge in this respect would prove to provide valuable insights about both individual’s leadership patterns as well. Analysis of Leadership Dimensions of Two Leaders Background and Contributions of Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum According to Daft (2008), certain desirable characteristics of a preferred leader whom the followers like to follow vehemently include forward thinking, honest, inspiring and competent. With this consideration, it can be apparently observed that Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum who is currently the Prime Minister and Vice President in the United Arab Emirates possesses these valuable qualities. He is also one of the rulers in Dubai. He has been holding these positions since the year 2006 begi nning from the month of January. He was born in the year 1949 on July 15th in the Al Maktoum house in Shindagha, which is located near a famous stream of Dubai. He has been deploying his wide assortment of duties since 2006 in a very skillful and effective manner, which substantiates his competence. Also, he has been able to work upon the interests of the public which puts him in a very good position as a forward thinking leader. He had been witnessed to get involved in various activities i.e. allowing free funds in mosques and launching initiatives to support the World Health Organization (WHO) among various other activities, which prove his loyalty for the people along with his forward thinking characteristic. In addition, he displayed his leadership attributes in a diversified and well-grounded manner. There are many instances and events that corroborate his valuable contributions towards the region where he leads. In the month September 2007, it has been reported that he launche d the Dubai Cares campaign. This campaign was primarily launched for the purpose of raising money in order to educate around 1 million children in most of the poor countries. The broader aim of the campaign was to ensure Dubai's active involvement to the United Nations Millennium Development Goals. It was essentially targeted for offering the ‘Children’s Primary Education to every child’ in the UN by 2015. The amount which was donated for this campaign

Examine The Legality Of Military Humanitarian Intervention International Law Essay

Examine The Legality Of Military Humanitarian Intervention International Law Essay The general prohibition on the use of force contained in Article 2(4)  [1]  of the UN Charter forms a cornerstone of public international law. That prohibition is subject to a very narrow category of exceptions, all of which arise from the right to self-defence codified in Article 51 of the UN Charter.  [2]  A more controversial exception to the use of force that has been claimed to arise as a rule of customary international law is that of humanitarian intervention. This essay looks at the arguments in support of the proposition that humanitarian intervention is now established in international law as a lawful exception to the general prohibition on the use of force and assertions against such a proposition. The theoretical debate Ever since the question of the legality of humanitarian intervention first arose, there has been both vocal support and opposition to it. Lauterpacht famously put forward the rationale behind humanitarian intervention. He stated that one had to go back to the purpose of the general prohibition on the use of force, and that was to ensure peace. He considered that ultimately, peace is more endangered by tyrannical contempt for human rights than by attempts to assert, through intervention, the sanctity of human personality.  [3]  He thus considered that humanitarian intervention was justified if a state committed atrocities against its citizens in such a way and to such a degree that it interfered with those citizens fundamental human rights. However, it has always been appreciated that there are problems with the very idea that a state would expend its own resources and risk its own security simply for the good of the citizens of another state. Such a view might be considered to be cynical, but there is no doubt that history has shown that whenever humanitarian intervention is claimed as the legal basis for military force in another country, it is mixed with other reasons why a state would military intervene in another state.  [4]  Furthermore, humanitarian intervention is often put forward as a basis for legality of force without the citizens of the state who have suffered the intervention asking for such intervention to take place.  [5]  One can therefore question the theoretical underpinnings of such intervention. This problem is only exacerbated when one considers that humanitarian intervention is intervention that is undertaken by states on a unilateral basis outside of the precepts of the Security Council. The purpose of setting up the United Nations and the Security Council was to provide for peace throughout the world and engage in military intervention when required, as authorised by the Security Council. The Security Council is thus authorised with powers under Chapter VII of the UN Charter that allows it to authorise military use of force in another country. In doing so, the Security Council is able to take into account the fact that a particular country is facing human rights violations at the hands of its government and/or leaders.  [6]  Thus for example, in 1991, when the oppressive government of Iraq being led by Saddam Hussein took disproportionate military action to repress the Iraqi civilian population, the Security Council passed Resolution 668 under Chapter 7 of the UN Cha rter demanding of Iraq to immediately end the repression and insist that it allowed access to international humanitarian organisations to enter Iraq.  [7]   Any force authorised by the Security Council may be politically contentious, but there is no doubt that it would be lawful under the rules of force in international law. Given that there is such a power in the Security Council, one would question why there was a need for humanitarian intervention.  [8]  Indeed, providing that there is a right for humanitarian intervention available to states that can be exercised independently of the UN and the Security Council would greatly undermine the function of the Security Council as the body entrusted with authorisation of military force.  [9]   Humanitarian intervention is thus a doctrine which has long been debated in the courts. The real debate lies however in the practical instances that have arisen in the past where humanitarian intervention has been alleged as a justification of force. The section below shall go on to analyse these practical instances and asses to what extent humanitarian intervention can be said to now be a norm of international law. Practical instances of humanitarian intervention One major problem that arises when assessing the legality of the doctrine of humanitarian intervention is that one must distinguish between instances where the doctrine is invoked in rhetoric and public relations only and instanced where humanitarian intervention is actually relied on as a legal basis for justifying use of force in another state. The latter is a lot rarer than the former. The problem however is that it is only the latter incidents that is actually evidence of state practise of the right to humanitarian intervention. One of the earliest incidents to deal with the concept of humanitarian intervention commented on by commentators was that of Indian action in Bangladesh. In early 1971, following subjugation to Pakistani rule, Bangladeshi nationals were rebelling and seeking to establish Bangladesh as an independent country. India provided extensive military aid to Bangladesh to allow this to happen, aid without which arguably Bangladesh would not have won the conflict. In public theoretic, India stated thats is actions were based on humanitarian intervention since the Bangladeshis were suffering human rights violations under Pakistani rule.  [10]  This was highly criticised however for the fact was that India in having long-standing conflict with Pakistan itself did have vested interests in helping Bangladesh gain independence.  [11]  Indeed, India did not go on to utilise humanitarian intervention as a legal basis for its action and sought to rely on the doctrine of self-defence instead.  [12]   This pattern was repeated in many more incidents that occurred. Tanzania intervened militarily in Uganda in 1979 to enable rebels there to overthrow the repressive leader Idi Amin.  [13]  In 1978 Vietnam invaded Cambodia stating that it wished to prevent Cambodia from suffering at the hands of its government. Both stated that they wished to help the citizens of the respective countries they intervened in. This was however continuously rejected by the international community, with France and the US specifically stating that human rights violations did not justify the use of force, thus clearly indicating that it was not accepted at that time that humanitarian intervention was considered to be a legal basis for intervention.  [14]   Chronologically, the next major incident of humanitarian intervention that took place was that of Australian intervention in East Timor. Rebels in East Timor seeking to establish it as in independent country were facing repression from the state of Indonesia resisting independence. Human rights violations in the situation ensued resulting in several UN Resolutions calling for peace and eventually in a UN referendum, the results of which indicated that the majority of people wished for independence. The Australian government thus took the lead in providing military assistance to East Timor to repel Indonesian presence and establish an independent state.  [15]  In doing so, the Australian government expressly relied on the right to humanitarian intervention.What must be pointed out however is that the UN was involved in that situation, and most commentators regard that the intervention in East Timor is more akin to an incident where the UN regulates force for purposes of humanitari an intervention rather than when the right is employed unilaterally by a state.  [16]  Thus, the intervention in East Timor was seen to be highly similar to the US intervention in Somalia in 1992 which had been acted upon only after the UN had specifically called for humanitarian intervention.  [17]   Perhaps the most famous incident of humanitarian intervention was that in Kosovo. Kosovo, now an independent country, used to be part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and consisted of a mix of ethnicities, with 90% being ethnical Albanians and the minority being Serbians. In the 1990s the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia started to break up with each different country announcing its independence. The state of Kosovo also suggested breaking off from the FRY, to regain the independence Kosovo once had before Yugoslavia was established in the first place. This was met by much resistance from the Serbians both in Serbia and in Kosovo. A regime of ethnic cleansing of the Albanians in Kosovo started to prevent the calls and efforts by those peoples to make Kosovo an independent country and one of the worlds worst conflicts started, with human rights violations reaching epidemic proportions.  [18]   This matter was brought to the attention of the Security Council, and on 31 March 1998 it adopted Resolution 1160,  [19]  which imposed an arms embargo on the FRY and called for it to work with the Kosovar Albanians to achieve a peaceful solution to the matter. Following this however the violence in Kosovo only intensified and Resolution 1199 was adopted which determined that the situation in Kosovo amounted to a threat to peace and security in the region.  [20]  The problem was however the presence of the veto in the Security Council. Every permanent member of the Security Council has the right to veto any Security Council resolutions made. Russia being a major part of the former Soviet Union that existed was highly reluctant to take any action further to the two resolutions already adopted against the FRY and indicated that it would use its veto if any resolution were attempted to be passed which authorised military measures to be taken against the FRY. There was little cha nce that the Security Council would therefore be able to take action in response to the situation that was ongoing in Kosovo.  [21]   As a result of this, NATO states came together to discuss military intervention in Kosovo. NATO declared that the FRY had not complied with Resolution 1199 and that NATO would therefore institute military action against Russia. Extensive military action was undertaken via an aerial campaign, attacking FRY forces both in Kosovo and in the FRY itself to attempt to stop the attacks that were taking place against Kosovo. The campaign commenced ion 23 March 1999 and did not end several months later, on 10 June 1999 when the FRY forces agreed to a case-fire and signed the military-technical agreement with NATO on 9 June 1999.  [22]   There was no doubt that the military action undertaken by NATO had been successful in bringing peace to the region. Despite the fact that there was no apparent basis at the time for military action, there was no international objection to the force used (other than by the states to whom the military action was targeted against). It was apparently accepted that the action undertaken by NATO was lawful.  [23]  From this, one can deduct that there must have been a valid theoretical underlying to the force taken. It was clear that the action was not authorised under the Security Council resolutions, for while the resolutions were relied on in justifying the military action undertaken, it was always accepted that the resolutions did not authorise military force and indeed did not attempt to do so because of the veto that would be exercised by Russia. There was no question that the Serb forces had carried out an armed attack against NATO countries or anyone in the region of NATO countries and so the doctrines of self-defence or collective self-defence could not be relied on. The only remaining doctrine that could have possibly justified the military force undertaken by NATO forces was therefore that of humanitarian intervention. Indeed, the situation in Kosovo appears to be the one that elevated the doctrine of humanitarian intervention from what was seen to be a less than credible basis of justification of use of force to one that was apparently widely accepted.  [24]   Thus commentators who point out that the doctrine was accepted as applying to the case of Kosovo point to the wide apparent acceptance of the international community that the acts of NATO in Kosovo were legal. In March 1999 the states of Belarus and Russia introduced a draft resolution to the Security Council which stated that the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia was illegal. This was rejected by a majority of 12 votes. In 1999, the UN Commission on Human Rights passed a resolution finding that the intervention by NATO had been lawful, with only Russia and Cuba (both communist states) finding against such a resolution.  [25]   Kosovo is therefore at least one incident where the right to humanitarian intervention was both relied on and appears to have been accepted. The difficulty lies in the fact that while the military action undertaken against Kosovo was considered to be morally justified, concerns continue to be expressed by academic commentators that the incident should not be seen to act as precedent, for doing so would effectively widen the category of exceptions that existed in relation to the use of force and undermine the well-established rules of Article 2(4).  [26]   Perhaps the next most famous incident where the right of humanitarian intervention was relied on, but one where the basis of such a right was considered to be much more contentious, was that of Iraq.  [27]  Coalition military intervention in Iraq in 2003 was one of the most contentious use of force that took place and the legality of the war continues to be debated to the current day. Different bases were offered by the coalition states that went to war at different times. Saddam Husseins brutal treatment of his people and the human rights violations that they had suffered were often pointed to when the rhetoric on whether a war should take place was entered into.  [28]  What is notable however was that although apparently doing so in the period preceding the war, neither the US nor the UK legally relied on the doctrine of humanitarian intervention to justify its war in Iraq. Rather, the UK relied on interpretation of Security Council resolutions while the US argued for the r ight of self-defence, both pointing to the fact that Iraq was in possession of weapons of self-destruction (an assertion which was later discovered to be invalid).  [29]  The fact that humanitarian intervention was not relied on despite the fact that Iraq was suffering a humanitarian catastrophe and had been for several years indicates that neither of the worlds leading states considered that the right to humanitarian intervention had established itself as a legal norm and would not, formally at least, be accepted by the international community as a bass for military intervention. Responsibility to protect The humanitarian intervention doctrine has evolved in recent times and international law has come to develop the responsibility to protect doctrine, often referred to as the R2P doctrine. The very existence of this doctrine supports the idea that humanitarian intervention is not only regarded as a moral justification of the use of force in states where human rights violations are being committed, but is a positive duty on the international community to act and intervene in states where there is inadequate respect for human rights. UN Secretary General Kofi Anan brought the tensions that were apparent behind the prohibition on the use of force in Article 2(4) and the fact that intervention was required as a result of increasing human rights violations that were seen around the world to the fore in 1999. At that date, the atrocities in Rwanda were being discussed by the international community, and the committee that had been set up to investigate how the genocide in Rwanda had taken place came back with reports attributing much blame to the UN for failing to take action in Rwanda in what was seen as a preventable genocide.  [30]  Annan therefore requested the General Assembly to answer the question of: if humanitarian intervention is, indeed an unacceptable assault on sovereignty, how should we response to Rwanda, to a Srebrenica to gross and systematic violations of human rights?.  [31]   The Canadian government in response to this question set up the ICISS. In 2001 the ICISS produced a report where the doctrine of the responsibility to protect was advanced.  [32]  In 2004, the High-Level Panel on threats, challenges and changes that had been set up by the UN secretary-General stated that the R2P doctrine was an emerging norm of collective international responsibility to protect.  [33]  The Secretary-General went on to endorse this finding. In a 2005 world summit, the R2P doctrine was expressly accepted and referred to.  [34]   Perhaps the most pertinent recognition of the R2P doctrine is that the Security Council specifically referred to the doctrine in Resolution 1674 (2006) when it was regarding the question of how civilians in armed conflicts should be protected.  [35]  The Resolution referred to the R2P doctrine as a doctrine of international law apparently conferring upon it a status of customary international law or otherwise. The problem with the fact that R2P now appears to be part of international law is the emergence of further questions, namely what the relationship of the doctrine of humanitarian intervention with the R2P doctrine is. Is the R2P doctrine simply any other way of describing humanitarian intervention? Or are the two concepts entirely different? If so, is humanitarian intervention subject to the doctrine of R2P? Debate on these questions commenced ever since the R2P doctrine was put forward and has ensued ever since. One might consider that the R2P doctrine is in fact simply another way of describing the doctrine of humanitarian intervention, and one that seeks to grant the doctrine a more elevated status. The language of responsibility no doubt confers more powers than the language of rights does for while the latter grants states discretion in whether to exercise the particular rights of concern, the former does not. If one were to accept such an argument, then the fact that R2P now appears to be a doctrine of international law means that humanitarian intervention is also a rule of international law and such intervention legalises use of force in other states. However, the ICISSs formulation of the R2P doctrine is on the basis that it is an entirely different concept to the doctrine of humanitarian intervention. The ICISS report thus stated that humanitarian intervention should not be seen to be the prime concern in the modern world where catastrophic human rights violations such as Rwanda were taking place. The Commission argued that there was a need for a new doctrine, which governed the need to intervene in the affairs of states who committed human rights violations. Such a doctrine should not be seen as a right to intervene that was granted to the intervening state, as humanitarian intervention might do, but rather as a responsibility on other states to intervene as a result of the right of the state that was suffering human rights violations to be protected.  [36]   R2P also introduced a new method of dealing with the concept of state sovereignty. As set out above, the doctrine of humanitarian intervention does not tie in well with the concept of state sovereignty, for it effectively allows a sate to intervene in another states affairs on the ground that the former state is of the opinion that the latter states treatment of its own citizen is in accurate. Such a concept can be seen to go against the very idea of equality of states in international law.  [37]  The R2P doctrine proposes to deal with this tension by proposing that the concept of state sovereignty to control its citizens with that of sovereignty as responsibility to protect its citizens. Once again, there was a shift from rights to responsibility. The R2P doctrine effectively re-characterises the conception of state sovereignty as one that is a right of governments to control their citizens, to one where there is a duty on governments to protect its citizens, and rights are gran ted to citizens to be protected. Where these rights were not being complied with and a government was not protecting its citizens and was in fact committing human rights violations against it, then the sovereignty to protect was not being effected and this sovereignty did not exist. As such, any exercise of the R2P doctrine through the use of military force would not contravene any idea of sovereignty.  [38]   Such a proposal can be commended for its view of the principle of state sovereignty. The fact is that the concept of state sovereignty and the idea that a state is able to control its citizens as it wishes is one that while remaining in theory can be seen not to have continued on an international basis. International law has long adjudicated to govern the relationship of a state and its individuals. A prime example of this can be seen to be in international human rights protections which essentially impose standards on states with regards to a states treatment of its citizens which must be complied with.  [39]  The very concept of the international community and of the United Nations necessitates a limiting of the concept of state sovereignty. The reformulation of the concept of state sovereignty from one which sees sovereignty as control to that to protect might be considered to be ingenious in that it resolves the theoretical tensions that exist between the right to military in tervention in states where human rights violations are committed and sovereignty of that state. However, the fact is that the concept of sovereignty as sovereignty to protect still poses the same problems that the traditional concept of state sovereignty controls: Sovereignty to protect allows a third state to intervene in a states matters when protection of citizens is not being undertaken adequately. Which state is to decide however when citizens protection is being undertaken adequately and when it is not? To what extent does the protection of citizens in a state have to be undermined before military action can be allowed in that state?  [40]   Thus, whether or not R2P is the same or a different doctrine to that of humanitarian intervention, the same difficulties that are faced by humanitarian intervention proponents remain, and perhaps the most major of these problems is the wide floodgates the idea of a responsibility to protect opens. Practical incidents have shown how in the past humanitarian intervention has wrongfully been used by states, often on a post-facto basis, to justify use of force and intervention in other states. The R2P doctrine in fact provides for a wider scope of humanitarian intervention for as pointed out above, a responsibility imposes a larger duty and therefore a larger scope of power on states to take action than a right to intervene does, and the R2P doctrine therefore arguably exacerbates the problem that humanitarian intervention traditionally faced. In this vein however it must be noted that the proponents of the R2P doctrine point out that unlike humanitarian intervention, the R2P would impose a duty on states to employ a wide range of measures, along a continuum, to regulate states behaviour. Thus the R2P doctrine envisaged that preventative measures should be used to prevent human rights atrocities, and duties included rebuilding societies that had been affected by human rights violations. Such a doctrine is therefore very commendable in theory.  [41]   Furthermore, it must be pointed out that the R2P doctrine apparently appears to have been envisaged to be utilised within the provisions of the Security Council rather than impose duties or rights on states to act on a unilateral basis to military intervene in other countries. If that is the case, then the R2P doctrine has not really helped towards resolving the questions surrounding humanitarian intervention at all.  [42]   Conclusion The above discussion has shown that there are many questions regarding the legality of humanitarian intervention in international law as a justification for use of force in another state. There is little doubt that in the past the doctrine was not regarded as a valid justification for the use of force. Thus the international community tended to reject attempts by states to justify use of force with the concept of humanitarian intervention, not least because such justification was often posed on an ex facto basis and was usually tied in with some other form of justification that was put forward. The position appeared to change however in the NATO intervention in Kosovo when the international world apparently accepted the legality of the action. The war in Iraq in 2003 however appeared to reverse the position once again, when attempts to rely on humanitarian protection were rejected almost from the outset and indeed the coalition states eventually went on to rely on other basses to jus tify the use of force that was undertaken. The doctrine of humanitarian intervention does have its proponents and certainly is a very attractive concept in international law. In the writers view however the dangers posed by the doctrine outweigh the advantages that it offers. The doctrine effectively widens the scope of exceptions that exist to Article 2(4) and allows states to unilaterally take force. This undermines not only the concept of state sovereignty but also the purpose of the United Nations and the Security Council as being relevant bodies to regulate international peace and security. The R2P doctrine that has been put forward as a doctrine of international law is in many ways preferable to that of humanitarian intervention. The R2P doctrine provides for rights of citizens rather than rights of states and importantly it envisages that military action will be undertaken by the Security Council rather than on a unilateral basis. The writer is therefore of the opinion that the R2P doctrine should be distinguished from the idea of humanitarian intervention R2P should be recognised as a principle of international law and one that allows the Security Council to take military action in state when required. It should not however be seen to extend the doctrine of humanitarian protection. Indeed it is the writers view that humanitarian protection does not exist as a legal right in international law, both in theory and in practise. The doctrine goes against all ideas of state sovereignty and against the prohibition of the use of force in general. Furthermore, states do not appear to have accepted that the doctrine is a norm of law. In this vein, the case of Kosovo can be considered to be an exception in international law.  [43]  In that case, the only reason the Security Council did not take action was because of the presence of the Russian veto, but otherwise there was international consensus that military action should

Sexual Passion in The Turn of the Screw :: Turn of the Screw Essays

Sexual Passion  in  The Turn of the Screw   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In a criticism on Henry James’s story The Turn of the Screw, Strother Purdy suggests that large amounts of sexual passion may be assumed to exist underneath the surface of the narrative. Purdy says that under a Freudian interpretation of the story, the sexual element is easily recognized and is used as the whole source of the action. According to this theory, the governess wishes to impress her master because she is in love with him and, therefore, exceeeding her authority with the children. Although the governess only sees her master twice, Purdy refers back to what Douglas had said,† it was the beauty of her passion.† Since the master is not impressed by her initial and ordinary course of governessing, she must make up some life-threatening danger to the children so she can rescue them and win the masters love and affection. She figures the danger must be terrible because he told her he did not want to be bothered with matters dealing with the children. He basica lly tells her he cares nothing for the children. Purdy suggests the governess is unconscious in doing this because she is sexually repressed and cannot admit her sexual motives to herself She believes she is actually protecting the children against an outside evil, which happens to coincide with her drive to demonstrate heroism and devotion to the master. According to Purdy, the governess conjures up ghosts because she invited them and willed them to come. Purdy feels the housekeeper plays her trump card and the governess' concern is not for the children but for all that would become of her, her bargain with the master, her relationship, and her passion for him. Purdy finds the following quotes to show her passion for the master and show that this serves as the motive of action. â€Å"She did not know- no one knew- how proud I had been to serve him and to stick to our terms.† â€Å"I set in motion the fine machinery to attract his attention to my slighted charms.

Going Green Essay

Our environment is getting worse day by day. It’s getting harder and harder for our families to stay healthy with all the bad things we are around every day. We are affected by our environment, and more people are getting sicker and sicker. This could affect our families and our future one day. The government has been making solutions to solve this problem in the environment. Going â€Å"green† is budding into a national phenomenon, where clothing shops are bagging your organic t-shirts into biodegradable shopping bags. This becomes effective in various provinces in the Philippines. One example is the Tagaytay City. They are now against the use of plastics. Since the environment has been polluted due to the continuous burning of non-biodegradable materials, the use of plastics has been avoided. They have produced eco-bags that will be used by the consumers instead of the ordinary plastic bags used during the previous times. This rule has been implemented in different places and soon, the country will really be â€Å"NO TO PLASTIC!† With that, we can really say that it’s more fun in the Philippines! There can be a solution in helping our environment become better. We can all save the Mother Earth. If we reach out to people who don’t care about our environment, we could change their point of view of things. We could tell them how bad things are in our world and that could change what their prospective on things. Let us discipline them. Let us be participative as the world goes green. Read more:  Essay About Tourism in the Philippines

federal emergency relief act essays

federal emergency relief act essays President Roosevelt wanted to give more to the people when he was in office than Hoover did when he was in office. He chose a man named Harry L. Hopkins to help him in succeeding. The goal and purpose of the FERA was to have all of the unemployed be employed again or for the first time. Hopkins was a forty-three-year-old social worker whose colorful, outgoing personality made him very known to the people and press. When congress created the FERA, to help the people, the Reconstruction Finance Corporation provided five hundred million dollars. When the project was underway Roosevelt asked Hopkins to come to Washington to run it. On Hopkins first day of his job, May 22, 1933, before he had an office, he sat out in the hallway and handed out work relief forms. Also, by the end of Hopkins first day on he had pleased himself and several states with grants adding up to about five million dollars. From then on, Hopkins spent the money blindly. The law required that each state set up a lo cal FERA office and raise money through taxes, bond issues, borrowing or any thing else to raise money. Some states like Ohio, and West Virginia refused to make those allegations. Even thought this all happened Hopkins was very committed to satisfying people, he would get comments like I have a suggestion that will benefit the people- in the long run Hopkins would come back with the comment people dont eat in the long run- the eat everyday. A lot of people wanted to work, and were willing to anything just for money to call their own. Its very hard for me to ask for help, said one. I dont want charity. I want work- any kind of work. Ill do work or anything... ...

Archaeopteris - The First Modern Tree on Earth

Archaeopteris - The First Modern Tree on Earth Our earths first modern tree establishing itself in developing forests emerged around 370 million years ago. Ancient plants made it out of water 130 million years earlier but none were considered true trees. True tree growth only came about when plants overcame biomechanical problems to support additional weight. The architecture of the modern tree is defined by evolutionary features of strength that builds in rings to support greater and greater height and weight, of protective bark that shields the cells that conduct water and nutrients from the earth to the furthest leaves, of supportive collars of extra wood that surround the bases of each branch, and of internal layers of wood dovetail at branch junctions to prevent breakage. It took over a hundred million years for this to happen. Archaeopteris, an extinct tree that made up most of the forests across the earths surface in the late Devonian period, is considered by scientists to be the first modern tree. New collected pieces of fossils of the trees wood from Morocco have filled in parts of the puzzle to shed new light. Discovery of Archaeopteris Stephen Scheckler, a professor of biology and geological sciences at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Brigitte Meyer-Berthaud, of the Institut de lEvolution of Montpellier, France, and Jobst Wendt, of the Geological and Paleontological Institute in Germany, analyzed a trove of these African fossils. They now propose Archaeopteris to be the earliest known modern tree, with buds, reinforced branch joints, and branched trunks similar to todays modern tree. When it appeared, it very quickly became the dominant tree all over the Earth, says Scheckler. On all of the land areas that were habitable, they had this tree. Scheckler goes on to point out, The attachment of branches was the same as modern trees, with swelling at the branch base to form a strengthening collar and with internal layers of wood dovetailed to resist breaking. We had always thought this was modern, but it turns out that the first woody trees on earth had the same design. While other trees quickly met extinction, Archaeopteris made up 90 percent of the forests and stayed around a very long time. With trunks up to three feet wide, the trees grew perhaps 60 to 90 feet tall. Unlike present-day trees, Archaeopteris reproduced by shedding spores instead of seeds. Development of the Modern Ecosystem Archaeopteris stretched out its branches and canopy of leaves to nourish life in the streams. The decaying trunks and leaves and the altered carbon dioxide/oxygen atmosphere abruptly changed ecosystems all over the earth. Its litter fed the streams and was a major factor in the evolution of freshwater fishes, whose numbers and varieties exploded in that time, and influenced the evolution of other marine ecosystems, says Scheckler. It was the first plant to produce an extensive root system, so had a profound impact on soil chemistry. And once these ecosystem changes happened, they were changed for all time.   Archaeopteris made the world almost a modern world in terms of ecosystems that surround us now, Scheckler concludes.

Contracts Covered by the Statute of Frauds Case Study

Contracts Covered by the Statute of Frauds - Case Study Example The first payment shall be paid on or before June 1, 2007 In consideration thereof, Promisee agree to give Promisor a lawn mower (John Deere Model #1334), valued at approximately $2,500.00). The respective rights and duties arising pursuant to this Agreement shall continue in effect until June 1, 2008, unless terminated prior thereto either pursuant to the Cancellation Clause of this Agreement or by full performance by the parties. If the event that Promisor fails to make a timely scheduled payment, Promisee shall be entitled to declare the entire Agreement breached, and shall be immediately entitled to payment of the debt in full. If Promisee fails to deliver the subject lawn mower to Promisor on or before July 1, 2007, Promisor shall be entitled to declare the entire Agreement in breach, and shall be entitled to repayment of any and all sums paid by Promisor to Lower Case as well as liquidated damages of $2,500.00.. In either case, the party declaring that the breach has occurred shall give written notice of such breach to the other party at the appropriate address shown below. This Agreement shall be interpreted by the laws of the State of California and any suit filed by any party hereto shall be filed and determined before the courts of California and in accordance with the laws thereof. Any dispute arising under this Agreement shall be subject to compulsory arbitration and shall be heard and determined by an arbitrator who is a current member of the American Arbitration Association (AAA). Any notices required to be made pursuant to this Agreement shall be made to the following: PROMISOR: PROMISEE: Joe Smith Mary Doe 123 Anyplace 4321 Anytime Streetwise, CA 95677 Happyface, AZ 85233 (213) 555-1212 (602) 555-2121 In the event of a dispute arising pursuant to this Agreement, the prevailing party in such an action shall be entitled to recover reasonable attorney's fees and court costs from the losing party. If any portion of this Agreement is determined to be invalid, the remaining portions of the Agreement which are valid shall continue to be enforceable and in full effect. ______________ __________ __________________ _________ Joe Smith Date Mary Doe Date AGREEMENT In consideration of mutual performance of the duties and promises outlined further herein, Joe Smith (hereinafter referred to as "Promisor" and Mary Doe (hereinafter referred to as "Promisee"), the parties agree to become bound as follows: Promisor agrees to marry Promisee on or before July 15, 2007. In consideration thereof, Promisee agree to marry Promisor by said date. Promisor also agrees to immediately give Promisee an 18 carat gold engagement band and at the time of marriage, give Promisee one diamond and 18 carat gold ring. If Promisor fails to give Promisee the aforementioned, promised wedding ring on or before July 15, 2007, Promisee shall be entitled to declare the entire Agreement breached, and shall be entitled to retain the engagement band and shall be entitled to recover liquidated damages in the amount of $2,500.00 from Promisor and would not be required to marry Promisor. If Promisee fails to marry Promisor on or before July 15, 2007, Promisor shall be entitled to declare the entire Agreement in breach, and shall be ent

Critical reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Critical reflection - Essay Example Risk mitigation can be carried out through the optimal use of existing assets, contingency planning and through investment in new resources. Before using these techniques, it is necessary to understand the key causes of concern through a risk analysis. Based on the risk analysis, key issues were prioritized and recommendations were provided for each of them. From the given situation, it was obvious that there were multiple issues at multiple levels. The technique of risk analysis was chosen because it helped in looking a holistic picture of the situation at hand and it also helped in the identification of the areas of improvement regarding each of the issues identified (Slovic, 2000). The methodology of carrying out risk analysis was to find out the issues of concern and look at each individual issue in detail. 1. Safety Issues – With regards to maintenance and safety, the key recommendations is to outsource maintenance to contractors who would do period checks to ensure that there is no flooding or electrical short circuits. Outsourcing to a vendor can put service level agreements in place and hence, would ensure a higher level of maintenance. In addition, the outsourced vendors would be experts in the particular domains and hence, would be able to provide a service that is of much higher standard when compared to the in-house workers. In a building, that involves a considerable movement of people, safety and maintenance is of prime importance as security and maintenance lapses drive the crowd away (Schrader, 1992). Apart from outsourcing the safety maintenance, another aspect that could have been considered was consultation from an architect who can provide a long-term solution in terms of flooding or seepages. There could be some financial investment involved initially, however during the later stages, there would be benefits as regular costs would reduce considerably. 2. Organization and Management – Through analysis, it was found out that the management did not have a proper structure and there was no motivation factor present. For any organization, however big or small it may be, it is necessary to have a very good organization structure so that at any given point, accountability of issues is possible. The recommendation was to organize an event that would help in motivating the staff and reorganizing the staff within the departments. However, it is important to understand that motivation among the staff does not happen with just an event, it is an ongoing process (Weightman, 2008). In addition, a simple reorganizing the staff would not be a long-term solution. Instead, having a proper organizing structure in place is highly recommended. The structure should be designed in such a way that accountable individuals take each aspect related to the Penine Center. A proper structure would also prove to be a motivation to the staff. 3. Retail Outlets leaving - The retail outlets in the Penine center were leaving because of di ssatisfaction. This could be due to many other reasons such as safety as well as transportation. The main reason why retail outlets leave any commercial complex is when they do not get a steady flow of customers so that they make profit out of the enterprise. The recommendation was to meet with the owners of the retail outlet and persuade them to stay. Also, providing some incentives to help them with the current financial condition can prove to be helpful in retaining them in the Penine Center.