Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) & Male Circumcision, is it a social Research Paper - 1

Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) & Male Circumcision, is it a social custom or a religious practice - Research Paper Examplelegally mandated to ensure that all citizens enjoy their rights and happiness, without prejudice or favor because of social, racial, or religious orientation. Male circumcision and female genital mutilation are issues that have raised intense debate on whether they should be treated as religious or social custom practices. However, in location of the historical practices of both male circumcision and female genital mutilation, the practice should be regarded as social but not as religious issue. In addition, coupled States should not allow these practices among young boys and girls.Researchers have established that female genital mutilation and male circumcision affect the anatomy of the external reproductive organs of both sexes, which finally leads to alteration of sensation during sexual intercourse (Toubia, 1993, p31). These findings have been applied for a immense time in different societies to achieve different social objectives, including downsizing of sexual feelings. According to Dally(1991, p37), female genital mutilation has been in existence for over 4000 years ago and between 80 to 100 million women have undergone the service in different parts of the world.There are different reasons that proponents of female genital mutilation use to justify the practice. These include the argument that it is a tradition that is positivist by the religion (Porter, et al 1986, p 652). Moreover Toubia (1993, p62), argues that female genital mutilation is one of the many practices surrounded by myths and beliefs. Unfortunately, these myths and beliefs have been used for so long to justify the perpetuation of the practice in the society. Toubia (1993, p68) notes that in societies where female genital mutilation is prevalent, uncircumcised women do not get marriage partners because such women are perceived to lead several shortcomings. In most societies that practice the vice, uncircumcised women are considered unfaithful to their husbands once they get

The Supply Chain of the Video-entertainment Industry Essay

The Supply Chain of the Video-entertainment Industry - Essay ExampleWith revolutionized digital technology, now movies and other shows can be watched on mixed devices including the traditional telecasting set and even mobile phones. All of this has been made possible due to the fast speed of internet connection through optical fiber cables ( role to Home, n.pag.). Television subscribers desire Comcast Corp. even offered live TV streaming on mobile phones although they were not able to bequeath as many shows (Nakashima, n.pag.). The imagination of mobile television started even earlier in Japan (Desperate Housewives on the Phone, n.pag.). While the supply chain of the video-entertainment industry is not completely digital, the development of online video services for television such as that by Intel (Ramachandran & Sharma, n.pag.) shows proves to be a threat for television subscribers as this development whitethorn propose faster digital delivery. What segment of the supply cha in has the largest sunk costs? It could be said that the HDTV (high definition television) segment of the video-entertainment industry has incurred a swell sunk cost due to the arrival of high internet speeds and mobile television in the recent years. The demand for video on-demand via Netflix, Hulu.com, and other providers is increasing belatedly but steadily. Even Intel has arrived on the scene with an online television streaming service. The television pay services have ranked in the bottom having an American customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI) of 68 (Donner, n.pag.). Therefore, as internet connections keep getting faster due to gigabit-per-second connections (Fiber to Home, n.pag.), it is likely that demands for online television streaming may increase. Had the FTC not stepped in the IE-Netscape case, would have Windows commercialise power ?been challenged by Netscape? Why or why not? Indeed, Windows market power would have been challenged by Netscape Communications of its mo nopolistic practices that promote a non-competitive economic environment. The investigation done by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) allowed the effective workers of the Justice Department to find out evidence regarding Netscapes claims of Windows trying to dominate the market by distributing its web browser Internet Explorer as part of the operating system (Play nicely, or not at all, n.pag.). The FTC intervened with a legal investigation that might allow other Windows competitors like Sun Microsystems and others to file antitrust lawsuits claiming that Windows has monopolized the market. It could also be that If you are AT&T, how do you become the about dominant player in the industry? Although television sets are popular among Americans, television pay subscribing companies like AT&T rank really low in the ACSI. In order to become a key player in the industry, AT&T should positively take up opportunities present in the external environment. Also, it should come up with new id eas that issue to the needs and demands of its consumers rather than ignoring them. It should focus on improving the quality of its services so as to retain its customers. Also, more options should be considered as the environment provides various opportunities to counter its competitors, mainly online video streaming companies like Netflix and Hulu.com, so as to build its market shares and have satisfied customers. If you are Hulu, how do you become the most dominant player in the industry? Hulu could improve its position in the market and be a dominant player by increasing its database of movies and shows to provide streaming of television programs so that its customers can have a similar show-watching experience as that provided by a traditional pay subscription. The

Amy Winehouse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Amy Winehouse - Essay ExampleShe was later expelled for piercing her nose and not applying herself. She ventured into the unison career at the age of sixteen after her classmate, Tyler James a pop singer, passed her demo tape to A&R recording label. After signing her first recording deal as a jazz vocalist her music developed into an eclectic mixture of pop, jazz, R&B and soul. After her 2003 album, Frank, despatch double platinum status Amy Winehouse began showing up to club and TV performances while too drunk to perform for the whole set and ruined her reputation. She similarly got into on and off relationship with Blake Fielder, Music video assistant, who introduced her to hard drugs. The couple often fought in public, and their private life involved doing drugs, alcohol and causing self-harm. Her 2006 album Back to Black won her five Grammy awards and earned commendation for her songs including Rehab, Back to Black and Valerie. She passed away at the age of twenty-seven after an accidental poisoning from alcohol.In 2006, she dumped her management company, after the company suggested that she should enter rehab for alcohol abuse. She turned the experience into the song Rehab in her second album, Back to Black. She expressed her refusal to accept intervention for substance abuse. The song remained in top ten list in United Kingdom for some time and earned her an Ivor Novello award for the best coetaneous song. The album likewise won her two BRIT awards for the best female solo artist and the best British album in 2007. The album also hit platinum levels in America in less than a month after winning the BRIT award. In April 2007, she got engaged to Blake Fielder and married in May 2007. She returned to her old habits of substance abuse and on Agust8, 2007 she went into a coma after an overdose of several drugs.Her health began to deteriorate despite her winner in music and at a concert in London in June 2008, she punched

Technical Efficiency of China's Banking Industry Literature review

Technical Efficiency of mainland Chinas beveling Industry - Literature review ExampleNonetheless, most economies have been able to expose resilience and remained stronger. Economic turbulences and dynamisms have affected different industries within various global economies. Chinas banking industry has not been spared from such turbulences and dynamisms hence the rent to analyze its technical efficiency. The following chapter provides a chronological description and critique of relevant theories in respect to technical efficiency within Chinas banking industry. The chronological description and critical review entails empirical papers linked to the concept of the study. Different theories of efficiency with respect to technical efficiency are discussed within this chapter. 2.2 Overview of Chinas Banking Industry China has being operating economic and financial system on the basis of social principles until 1978. Amazingly, the Peoples Bank of China (PBC) had for a long time been i n-charge of issuing currencies as well as being the financial hub of all the economic plans of China. After 1978, China realised the need for serious economic and financial reforms. The objective of such reforms was to increase economic and technical efficiency of financial and economic sectors within the country (Jiang, 2001). Jiang (2001) adds that China depended at enhancing resource allocation through such reforms. Albeit gradual, serious reforms were carried out in major sectors of the economy, banking being the main recipient (Adams, Berger, & Sickles, 1999). China decided install the reforms in two main stages from 1979 to 1992 and from 1993 to the present time. The first stage was characterized by development of two tier banking systems Peoples Bank of China (Central Bank) and quad state-owned banks that included Bank of China (BOC), China Construction Bank (CCB), Agricultural Bank of China (ABC), and Commercial Bank of China (CBC). Despite high degrees of operable segm entations, these banks were permitted to accept deposits and offer credit facilities to households and corporate organizations by 1985 (China Daily, 2006). The first stage formed the basis of further reforms, which was characterized with development of small and long suit sized mercenary banks. The main reason for allowing entrance of commercial banks within Chinese banking system was to enhance competition, which was aimed at providing high quality and differentiated services and products (Jiang, 2001). Examples of small and medium commercial banks created during this period included CITI Industrial Bank, Guangdong Development Banks (GDB), China Merchants Bank (CMB), Hua Xia Bank (HXB), and China Everbright Bank (CEB) (China Daily, 2006). Notably, most of these commercial banks were joint-stock owned inappropriate the previously mentioned state-owned. The second stage, which was flagged off by State Council in 1993 saw various decisions made within the financial system reforms ( Leigh and Podpiera, 2006). In this stage, the main aim was to enhance c

Illegal Immigration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Illegal Immigration - Essay ExampleThe federal government, to no ones surprise, has been no help.The fundamental reason for the flood of immigration from Latin America, specific aloney Mexico, is the disintegration of the Mexican economy predominantly resulting from free-trade strategies employed by the North American put down Trade Agreement and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The rampant corruption within the Mexican government has also contributed significantly to the collapse of the Mexican economy. due to IMF policies regarding Mexico, its economic output dropped 33 percent in the past two decades (Small, 2005). During this period, its foreign debt rose 359 percent because of widespread looting of the national coffers. These factors caused the collapse of all areas of productive economic activity and employment, is the primary driver of the flood of emigrants desperate to leave Mexico, to find some livelihood for themselves and their families in the United States (Smal l, 2005).Stopping immigration into the U.S. from Mexico would further cripple the Mexican economy as evidenced by data collected from the Gallup World Poll. Thirty-two percent of Mexican respondents in the Dec., 2005 canvas tent claim to have relatives living abroad, and 15percent of those say their households receive a monthly cash aid from such relatives. (Rios, Crabtree, 2006) According to the poll, approximately five percent of Mexican households, about 20 million people, obtain financial aid from relatives who immigrated to the U.S. Ending this flow of this greatly needed money southward would be harmful for pitiful Mexican citizens living in depressed city and rural regions. Obviously Mexicans take immigration laws and American attitudes towards immigration personally, how could they not? They do not infer what harm illegal immigration causes for Americans. Mexicans believe that migration benefits not only the home countries and the families of

Report Education System in Japan Essay Example for Free

Report Education System in Japan EssayJapan has already begun to experience a population decline, with the result that many a(prenominal) universities are already having difficulty maintaining their student populations, although entry into top ranks of the universities remains hugely agonistic. The emerging and foreseeable trend is that many universities will have to try to attract large numbers of foreigners or diversify or face closure. It is too now verbalise that a university education in Japan is within easier reach of students today, but that the quality of that higher education is now in question despite the many educational reforms that have been set in motion. Each academic year begins in April and comprises of two semesters. Basic general degrees are four-year degrees, a feature change from the American system. Undergraduate students receive instruction via the lecture and seminar group method. The general degree may be followed by two-year Masters degrees (genera lly a combine of lectures and guided research) and then a three year Doctorate (largely based on research) where these are offered.Graduate education in Japan is underdeveloped compared to European countries and the United States with only slightly more than 7 percent of Japanese undergraduates going on to graduate school as compared to 13 percent of American undergraduates. Postgraduate educational offerings are weak and the number of universities offering postgraduate programmes or a wide variety of programmes, is small, compared to that in other industrialized occidental countries.Japan has somewhat three million students enrolled in 1,200 universities and junior colleges and consequently the second largest higher educational system in the developed world. Japan also has one of the largest systems of private higher education in the world. The 710 odd universities in Japan can be separated into 3 categories highly competitive, mildly competitive and non-competitive (the schools that are first-tier be the infamously difficult to enter ones). Public universities are generally more prestigious than their private ones with only 25 percent of all university-bound students being admitted to public universities.More than 65 percent of high school graduates continue their studies of these, over 70 percent are enrolled in private colleges and universities. Only about 10 percent of private institutions receive their financial resources from public funding, with most public funds on higher education being spent on the national and local public universities. disdain the impressive statistics, Japanese universities are considered to be the weakest link in the countrys educational system.While many western writers have, meter and time again, attributed the economic success of Japan to the well-educated and highly literate population of Japan, recent writings and studies tend to be far more critical, express feelings the deplorable state and quality of higher educat ion in Japan today. Despite the famed exam rigors and competitiveness, declining standards in education and the high school students lose of interest in studying have lately been under spotlight. Some attribute this disinterestedness to the fact that academic effort no longer assured robotlike rewards with the disintegration in the formerly stable and guaranteed lifetime employment system.Japanese students are also widely known to traditionally consider their university days to be a social playground, a reward for the hard work and having made it there, and, as many critics have recently pointed, professors demand relatively little from their students. Despite the institutional change and sweeping national reforms underway in response to these criticisms, the key problems remain unresolved the pyramidal-structure of the university system and entrance exam wars the centrally-controlled curriculum and omit of individuality and creativity of students as well as the lack of competiti veness in educational suppliers.

Racial Diversity of Native Americans Essay Example for Free

Racial Diversity of Native Americans EssayNative Americans were settled in the country before anyone else. But they ended up beingness the most abused out of any race that ever settled in the country. Native Americans had to fight for land that was originally theirs and sometimes fight provided to stay alive. The fight was usually the same too. If it wasnt against settlers, it was against the government. In some areas, its still happening today. Now its just with land developers. What has been forget is the rich culture that Native Americans possess. There are states that have many towns whose names are originated from Native American names.But they only serve as a small reminder of who used to lie on that land, centuries ago. These people are now residing on reservations that they were forced to move to and some still busy in that location today. There are small tribes scattered all over the United States, but the larger ones are as such. The Apache race still resides i n the Southern Plains, Southwest and Southeast of the United States. Cherokee are located in East Tennessee and North Carolina. Cheyenne are in the Plains, along with the Sioux. Chinook reside along the Northwest Pacific Coast.The Iroquois are located in the Northeast of the United States, while Mohawk are primarily in New York. The Navajo Nation is located in New Mexico, Arizona and Utah. Except for a few Native Americans that made it into the history books like Pocahontas (1595-1617) Geronimo (1829-1909) Squanto (1581-1622) and Cochise (1815-1874), the history of the Native American is non one to be proud of. Some of the incidents that they had to endure are Iroquois, the Northeast Native Americans welcomed some of the first European immigrants in the early 1600s.They taught the immigrants how to survive in the newfound world. In return their land was taken or leveraged for next to nothing and in the end they were pushed out. Currently, Native Americans living in Virginia are no t recognized as Native American because of Walter Ashby Plecker. He was a White Supremacist and the first registrar of the state Bureau of Vital Statistics. He believed the Native Americans had been cross with the African American population. So a honor was passed in 1912 by the states.General Assembly, which stated only two races would be recognized, white and colourize. Plecker had so much ability that he was able to pressure the local government into reclassifying the Virginia Native Americans as colored. All of the records of the race were then destroyed. ironically enough, as a Thank you to the Native Americans, the Indian Citizen Act of 1924 was put in place. The law gave official citizenship to Native Americans across the country. It was done because of the heroic helper of many Native Americans during World warfare I.Native Americans are one the most culture filled races in the world. From totem poles, to peace pipes to even currently day-dream catchers, all of these t hings had special meanings and purposes to the Native American people. The Europeans probably appreciated these things initially, but over time they tried to make them all disappear. The more time the Europeans fatigued with the Native Americans, the more they didnt like their customs. So eventually the Europeans tried to force their culture on the Native Americans via deculturalization.Over time, the Native Americans were forbidden to declaim their language, practice their religion and cultures. The Europeans even forced the English language on the Native Americans. They were punished or even jailed when they attempted to ignore these new rules that were placed upon them. Native American children were removed from their families and sent to boarding schools, so they were Americanized. These children were forced to change their hair and wear clothing that felt wrong to them.The knead demoralized the Native Americans and broke their spirit. As if the practice of deculturalization wasnt enough, as if these people slowly losing their property to the settlers was not enough, the government took another step in constraining the Natives. President Andrew Jackson decided that the Natives werent being pushed out fast or far enough so on May 28, 1830, the Indian Removal Act became a law. The purpose was to make the Natives leave their land all together and move to the area of the country commissioned as Indian Territory.Initially, it was to be a peaceful, legal trade of property. Trade the property in the Southeast United States for the property in the Indian Territory. The Natives that did not comply were eventually forced out all together. The Cherokee Nation specifically moved west crossing the Mississippi River from the Southeast. This trek became known as lead of Tears because approximately 4,000 Cherokee died from starvation, exposure, and illnesses. One of the last battles between the government and the Natives happened in 1890.Disdain towards the white man s tarted the sparks flying in South Dakota and it turned into a power struggle over firearms. When the bullets stopped flying, it ended up being one of the worst massacres on record. On December 29, 1890, warriors, women, and children were ferociously slaughtered by the U. S. sawbuck at Wounded Knee, South Dakota. Because the American governments forces were so much stronger than the Natives, there was really nothing they could do to stop anything the government did. many tried to appeal to the courts, but the cases were always lost.So the Native Americans did what they could to start over again on the reservations and made it a point to never commit the white man again for anything. The United States government decided to resolve issues with Native Americans. One of the first things done was the Indian Reorganization Act, put into law on June 18, 1934. The purpose was to decrease the federal control of Indian affairs and increase Indian self-government and responsibilities. The act encouraged written charters and constitutions giving the Natives the power to handle their own affairs.Also funds were made available for revolving credit programs for the Native Americans for all that were interested in purchasing tribal land, for education and to supporter in organizing the tribes. Many tribes and villages accepted the act and moved forward with plans to make improvements for themselves, as well as the tribe. Many improved their economic position, while others did purchase land to expand the acre size of the reservations. Improvements were also made within the health and educational services on the reservations and children were able to go to public schools.Currently there are over 500 recognized tribal governments in the United States. There are currently more than 5 million Native Americans alive today, according to the 2010 census bureau. They are self-governed and considered to be independent people. They are also one of the most resilient people in this cou ntrys history. purge though life on the reservations is still difficult to this day, due to unemployment and high rates of alcoholism, Native Americans have a true spirit of survival.Despite how they were treated when the Europeans got settled, Native Americans always believed that the spirits would always watch over them and bring them over the mountain of despair. And it did. REFERENCES All About History (2002-2013) Native American History. Retrieved by http//www. allabouthistory. org/native-american-history. htm American Indian Heritage Foundation. (2012) Native American Culture. Retrieved by http//www. indians. org/articles/native-american-culture. html Census Bureau. (2012). The American Indian and Alaska Native Population 2010.Retrieved by http//www.census. gov/prod/cen2010/ apprise/c2010br-10. pdf Creations, N. (2013) Native History, Native Experiences- Native Voices of First Nations People. Retrieved by http//firstpeoplesvoices. com/beginning. htm Encyclopedia Britannica. (2013). Indian Reorganization Act. Retrieved by http//www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/285946/Indian-Reorganization-Act PBS. (1995). Trail of Tears. Retrieved from http//www. pbs. org/wgbh/aia/part4/4h1567. html The Wild West (2012). War Between the Settlers and The Native American Indians. Retrieved by http//www. the-wild-west. co. uk/war-settlers. htm.